In 1993 Kuz’minov and Osiko identified the ‘disturbance�?of stoichiometry in LN crystals is primarily as a result of deficiency of oxygen in Nb2O5, employed for a raw materials First soften (Czochralski system) [186]. Accordingly, based upon its production technology, niobium pentoxide can undertake a variety of compositions Nb2O5−x. As a https://-lithiumniobatecrystal43976.affiliatblogger.com/84608231/the-definitive-guide-to-lithium-niobate-crystal